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- 168: The Whole Earth Learning Disc Project
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- 1: John Coate (tex) Mon, Aug 10, '87 (13:31)
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-
- The Whole Earth Learning Disc Project
-
- GENESIS
-
- Stewart Brand began the Whole Earth Catalog in March 1968 to
- help friends who were starting their own alternative
- civilization in the backwoods. Most of these make-shift
- communes were full of enthusiasm and rife with ignorance. So
- many of the problems came down to a matter of access: Where to
- buy a windmill. Where to get good information on beekeeping.
- Where to lay hands on a computer. He fantasized an access
- service. A catalog that would name good stuff and where to get
- it. Continuously updated, in part by the users, it would be a
- low-maintenance, high-yield, Critical Information Service. Maybe
- it would include a card catalog sitting near a phone that one
- would flick through to find a tool, a publication, or a group to
- refer a caller to. Such service would cultivate pertinent
- self-education and life-long skills.
-
- Taking the advice of Ken Kesey-to set his mind on a good product
- and let the money come to pass-Stewart employed word-of-mouth
- advertising and energetic amateurs to produce a newsprint
- tabloid catalog that quickly sold out its first printings.
- Despite an intentional halt in publication at its peak as an
- experiment to see what would happen, the Catalog sold over 2.5
- million copies in various incarnations, eventually culminating
- in a gigantic, 5-1/2 pound wonder called the Next Whole Earth
- Catalog in 1981. It was too big to tote around, or read on the
- bus, so it was abbreviated into the Essential Whole Earth
- Catalog, entirely updated and released in October 1986. Nineteen
- years worth of evaluating highly-evolved learning tools were
- distilled into the 416-page Essential Catalog. This experience
- and text forms the core of the Whole Earth Learning Disc
- Project.
-
- The Whole Earth Learning Disc is close to what the Whole Earth
- Catalog would have been from the start if Hypercard was around:
- concise, to-the-point recommendations that lead to deepening
- levels and more examples as long as the reader is interested; a
- browsable format that rewards lateral exploration; tight
- indexing that rewards intensive searches; incremental updating
- to guarantee accuracy; and information that is wired to a live
- source, for securing the original product or author. Hypercard
- makes that kind of preformance, which is nearly impossible to do
- with ink, likely in the Learning Disc. It also bestows new
- powers to book publishing, a business that hasn't had a major
- evolution in 500 years. The original Catalog never talked much
- about recorded music because paper can't hold sound samples.
- Can't hold movie clips either. Now that Hypercard and CD-ROM
- spin off a dimension of interactive time, the Whole Earth
- Learning Disc is less like a reader's companion and more like a
- knowledgable advisor, as it has always been meant to be.
-
- How to make a Whole Earth Learning Disc
-
- Design
-
- The design of the Learning Disc was roughly sketched out in two
- brainstorming meetings at Apple in the winter of 1986. The goal
- was to use Bill AtkinsonUs Hypercard (then called Wildcard) to
- advance 500 years of book evolution and improve 19 years of
- Whole Earth Catalog fine tuning. A prototype layout was agreed
- on in early spring. In the meantime Hypercard underwent steam
- purifying until it was idiot proof and ready for anyone to use.
- On July 1, 1987 the pilot program began in earnst.
-
- Production
-
- Whole Earth's Compugraphic typesetting files were translated
- into Macintosh text by a local typesetting outfit. The text of
- two thousand items in the Catalog reduced to a fistful of 3-1/2"
- disks.
-
- Tim Oren, one of Apple's crackerjack programmers devised a
- software jig to cruise along the text file in the manner of
- genetic RNA and clip off each item as an individual unit, while
- removing the old typesetting codes. Next he constructed a
- "Scaffolding" program using Hypertalk, the near conversational
- programming language in Hypercard itself, to lift the raw text
- into the right place. The Scaffolding would automatically
- generate a clump of cards with a predetermined series of
- backgrounds so that the human cardpaster could throw each part
- of the clipped unit onto the appropiate card. This was one of
- the more labor-intensive tasks. By the end there was a
- tremendously long string of Hypercard cards clumps, in no
- particular order.
-
- Another Hypertalk program written by Tim (dubbed "The
- Dismantler"), shuffled the cards into eleven piles or sections.
- Within these sections they were re-ordered employing the content
- page of the Scaffolding. (The Scaffolding is left inside the
- Learning Disc, yet out of view, so that others may use it to
- construct their own catalogs). The cards (only text at this
- point) were now in their "canonical order", which is the order
- they appear within Hypercard, but not neccessarily the sequence
- the user sees.
-
- In parallel, the pictures and illustrations from the Catalog
- were digitized using a Sony Handicam 8mm camcorder connected to
- MacVision. MacVision (Koala Technologies, 269 Mt. Herman Rd.,
- Scotts Valley, CA 95066, 408/438-0946) converts a video scan
- into MacPaint files. Once in MacPaint format, they could be
- pasted onto cards by a small team of rapidly experienced
- cardpasters.
-
- Music, bird songs, and book readings were recorded on ordinary
- tape cassettes. A software/hardware duet called Soundcap
- (software) and Macnifty (hardware) captured the playback from a
- tapedeck and deposited the sound as a huge digitized file to be
- pasted into a Hypercard stack. (Sound eats up bytes. You can
- only fit about one minuteUs worth of sound onto a Macintosh
- 3-1/2" floppy). When the linking process got underway, sounds
- were linked to corresponding picture cards.
-
- The vital links between adjacent cards were done more-or-less
- automatically by the Scaffolding. The cross-reference links
- between clusters were done by hand, one by one. The most arduous
- chore in every large publication Whole Earth has done, including
- this one, is the nailing down of niggly loose ends, which
- usually figure to be one quarter of the total effort.
- Exceptions, typos, one-of-a-kinds, and organizational misfits
- consume a large portion of this type of database construction.
- Counting ramp-up time, keyboarding, digitizing, proofing (not
- much on this part so far), video work, design, linking - in
- short all the needed work, it comes to about one hour per final
- card.
-
- Distribution
-
- The Whole Earth Learning Disc will be a periodical, of sorts. It
- will feed on a circuit of feedback and updates from users,
- including additions sent to us in RstackwareS form ready to be
- plugged in, in the successful manner of the paper Catalogs. It
- will probably be accessible in real time via the WELL, Whole
- Earth's on-line teleconference system.
-
- The Whole Earth Learning Disc could be ready by next year, given
- the encouraging progress so far. We welcome collaboration with
- interested parties committed to CD-ROM publishing.
-
- Kevin Kelly
- Whole Earth
- Catalog
- 415/332-1716.
-
-
-